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251.
Buchanan and Tullock's original trade-off model of constitutional design is used to analyze how constitutional design affects post-constitutional rent seeking, and, in turn, how the anticipation of post-constitution rent seeking should lead to modification of constitutional design — specifically with respect to imposing and maintaining effective (composite) supermajority decision rules. 相似文献
252.
This article challenges the conventional result according to which an instrument-independent central bank able to strictly commit to price stability makes fiscal constraints unnecessary. We present a model of a monetary union with heterogeneous members where the inefficient policy mix resulting from the lack of coordination between the common monetary policy and national fiscal policies incites the governments to appoint excessively liberal delegates to the central bank's board. We characterize the fiscal restraints necessary to restore the central bank's ability to deliver the most desirable degree of price stability. It appears that even country-specific and state-contingent restraints may be counterproductive for some member states. 相似文献
253.
Xavier Vives 《Journal of Financial Services Research》2001,19(1):57-82
This article argues that present financial regulatory arrangements within the European Monetary Union are not adequate either to preserve stability or to foster financial integration. Reform of financial regulation should concentrate on establishing clear procedures for crisis lending and management, with the European Central Bank at the center; preparing the ground for more centralized supervisory arrangements in banking, insurance, and securities; and establishing and consolidating an active domestic and European Union-wide competition policy that limits local market power and national champions that are too big to fail. 相似文献
254.
The member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) have recently endorsed its global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. The strategy emphasises the need to limit the consumption of saturated fats and trans-fatty acids, salt and sugars, and to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables in order to combat the growing burden of non-communicable diseases. This paper attempts a broad quantitative assessment of the consumption impacts of these norms in OECD countries using a mathematical programming approach. We find that adherence to the WHO norms would involve a significant decrease in the consumption of vegetable oils (30%), dairy products (28%), sugar (24%), animal fats (30%) and meat (pig meat, 13.5%, mutton and goat 14.5%) and a significant increase in the human consumption of cereals (31%), fruits (25%) and vegetables (21%). 相似文献
255.
Xavier Cirera 《Review of World Economics》2014,150(3):507-527
Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) aim at increasing trade flows via the incentives created by preference margins; this is the difference between the preferential tariff and the tariff of the main competitors. However, an additional impact that is often omitted in PTAs evaluations is the possibility that the wedge between preferential and most favoured nation (MFN) tariffs may induce a preference rent that translates into larger prices for preferential exporters. This paper analyses empirically whether preferential exporters capture this preference rent using a unique dataset of imports in the European Union at a highly disaggregated level linked to information on the preferential regime used and the tariff applied. Our main findings suggest that on average an exporter obtains a larger price margin under a preferential regime than under MFN. However, this preference rent is only partially appropriated by exporters with a pass-through coefficient from preference to price margins that oscillates between 0.17 and 0.8, depending on the size of the margin and the type of product. 相似文献
256.
An increased focus on turbulent environments has led to a growing interest among researchers in the concept of dynamic capabilities. In this study, we approach dynamic capabilities in a framework of two complementary processes. On one hand, firms can build upon existing capabilities in products and markets in which they have experienced recent success; on the other hand, they can also intentionally focus on other products and markets in which they seek to build capabilities to address their lack of recent success. We examine these two processes within project‐based industries and identify replication and renewal as two types of strategies that firms use to add a dynamic component to their capabilities. We also theorize that the success of each of these strategies is tied to differentiation from rivals, and to firm‐level resource availability and industry‐level demand characteristics. We test these propositions by focusing on the film genres that were offered by the Hollywood studios over a thirty‐year period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
257.
Joachim J. Schouteten Xavier Gellynck Hans De Steur 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2018,42(3):347-357
As of today, the views of European consumers and policy makers on GM foods are still divided. While only few GM labelled foods (‘does contain’) have entered the market, GM‐free labelling (‘does not contain’) is increasingly introduced in many EU member states. This study aims to examine whether GM‐free labelling affects consumers’ sensory profiling, emotional conceptualizations and overall liking. Based on a within‐subjects experimental design, 126 Belgian subjects evaluated GM‐free and nonlabelled samples of three food products: yogurt, traditional biscuit (‘speculoos’) and crisps. The results show that overall liking did not differ significantly according to label (no vs. GM‐free), regardless of participants’ knowledge of, or attitude towards GMOs. Furthermore, regarding the impact of GM‐free labelling on consumers’ subjective taste perceptions and emotional profiling, few significant differences were reported for crisps and traditional biscuit. Regarding the latter, less positive and more negative emotional terms have been assigned to the GM‐free labelled sample. The findings of this study should be viewed in the context of the stringent EU mandatory GM food labelling policy, which led to an increase of GM‐free rather than GM labels. Future research is needed to further underpin these findings and examine differently framed labels in various settings. 相似文献
258.
259.
This paper examines factors determining airport charges. Using data for 100 large airports in Europe, we find that they charge
higher prices when they move more passengers. Additionally, competition from other transport modes and nearby airports imposes
some discipline on the pricing behavior of airports. Low-cost carriers and airlines with a high market share seem to have
a stronger countervailing power. We also find that private airports not regulated charge higher prices than public or regulated
airports. Finally, the regulation mechanism does not seem to influence substantially the level of airport charges. 相似文献
260.
This paper provides a new rationale for the positive effect of public capital stock on employment and wages. We show that higher levels of public capital reduce wages along the wage equation and enhance employment due to the resulting larger elasticity of labour demand with respect to wages. The estimation of a structural model for the Spanish private sector reveals that this wage channel is empirically relevant. We use the estimated parameters to simulate the recent incidence of the ratio of public to private capital stock on the private sector economic performance. We find (i) sizeable effects on employment, capital stock and gross domestic product, and (ii) that the wage channel is particularly important for employment. 相似文献